Energy Engineering - Development Economics

Multiple choices text and solution - Exercise 3

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7th of May 1. Which of the following is NOT a reason to conduct impact evaluation? • A) To d ecid e whether to fund an intervention. • B) To reassure fund ers about wise investment. • C) To increase the salary of the program manager. • D) To learn how to replicate or scale up a pilot. 2. What is the main difficulty in impact evaluation? • A) Measuring costs. • B) Measuring benefits. • C) Assigning causality. • D) Find ing participants. 3. Which of the following techniques for impact evaluation is considered the "gold standard"? • A) Matching method s. • B) Difference -in-d ifference technique. • C) Instrumental variables. • D) Rand omized control trials (RCT). 4. In Propensity Score Matching, what is the first step? • A) Matching ind ivid uals based on estimated probability of participation. • B) Estimating the probability of program participation as a function of observable characteristics. • C) Calculating the average treatment effect. • D) Collecting d ata on the outcome variable. 5. Which of the following is NOT a potential problem of RCTs? • A) Hawthorne effect. • B) John Henry effect. • C) Contamination or spillover effects. • D) External valid ity. 6. In the Difference -in-Differences method, what is the crucial assumption? • A) No selection bias. • B) Rand om assignment. • C) Parallel trend s between the control and the treatment without intervention. • D) No external factors influencing the outcome. 7. Which technique involves comparing outcomes just below and just above a threshold? • A) Instrumental variables. • B) Event analysis. • C) Regression Discontinuity Design (RDD). • D) Roll -outs with panel d ata. 8. In the context of impact evaluation, what does ToT stand for? • A) Total of Treatments. • B) Treatment on the Treated . • C) Time of Treatment. • D) Trial of Treatment. 9. What is a key feature of the event analysis method? • A) Use of rand omized trials. • B) Comparison of outcomes before and after a one -time event. • C) Matching of treated and control groups. • D) Estimation of the probability of participation. 10. Which method uses an external exogenous factor that influences program participation but is not correlated with the outcome? • A) Propensity Score Matching. • B) Difference -in-Differences. • C) Instrumental Variables. • D) Regression Discontinuity Design. 11. Which method specifically requires data on both treatment and control groups before and after the program implementation to support its crucial assumption? • A) Propensity Score Matching. • B) Difference -in-Differences. • C) Instrumental Variables. • D) Event Analysis. 12. What statistical test is commonly used to compare the average outcomes between treatment and control groups in an RCT? • A) Chi -squared test. • B) Fisher's exact test. • C) T -test for means. • D) ANOVA. 13. In the context of impact evaluation, what is the role of a counterfactual? • A) It measures the program's bud get. • B) It serves as the comparison benchmark for measuring the causal effect of an intervention. • C) It d etermines the sample size for the stud y. • D) It id entifies potential confound ing variables. 14. Which of the following is a key advantage of using Regression Discontinuity Design (RDD)? • A) It eliminates all biases in the estimation. • B) It uses a naturally occurring cutoff to d etermine treatment and control groups. • C) It requires large sample sizes. • D) It d oes not need a counterfactual. 15. What problem arises when control individuals work harder to compensate for not being treated, potentially underestimating the treatment effect in an RCT? • A) Hawthorne effect. • B) Contamination effect. • C) Attrition effect. • D) John Henry effect. 16. In Propensity Score Matching, what is the purpose of matching individuals based on their estimated probability of participation? • A) To red uce the sample size. • B) To create a control group comparable to the treatment group on observed characteristics. • C) To increase the variance of the estimate. • D) To simplify the analysis. 17. What does the term "internal validity" refer to in the context of an RCT? • A) The extent to which the results can be generalized beyond the stud y sample. • B) The accuracy of the measurement instruments used in the stud y. • C) The d egree to which the rand om assignment of participants creates comparable groups. • D) The ability to replicate the stud y's find ings in d ifferent settings. 18. Which method uses a fixed -effects estimation with panel data to capture the impact of an intervention when different units enter the treatment at different points in time? • A) Event Analysis. • B) Roll -outs with Panel Data. • C) Difference -in-Differences. • D) Instrumental Variables. 19. Why might randomization not always be feasible in conducting impact evaluations? • A) Ethical concerns or practical constraints may prevent rand om assignment. • B) It always requires larger bud gets. • C) It introd uces selection bias. • D) It is only suitable for short -term stud ies. 20. In Instrumental Variables estimation, what is a critical requirement for an instrument to be valid? • A) The instrument must be correlated with the outcome variable. • B) The instrument must d irectly influence the outcome. • C) The instrument must be correlated with the end ogenous explanatory variable and uncorrelated with the error term. • D) The instrument must be part of the treatment itself. Exercise 2 partial -CHATGPT.xlsx 10th of May -Short Seminar Caved agna 1. What percentage of your final grade does the Project Work account for in this course? • A) 20% • B) 30% • C) 40% • D) 50% 2. Which of the following sources is NOT listed as a place to find policy measures aimed at development? • A) World Bank • B) International Monetary Fund (IMF) • C) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) • D) European Central Bank (ECB) 3. What is the main goal of the policy measures that need to be selected for analysis? • A) Red uction of unemployment • B) Red uction of poverty • C) Increase in GDP • D) Improvement of infrastructure 4. Which methodology is NOT mentioned for performing impact evaluation in the document? • A) Rand omized Control Trials (RCT) • B) Matching Method s • C) Cost -Benefit Analysis • D) Instrumental Variables 5. What is one of the key elements evaluated in the Project Work's content criteria? • A) Historical analysis of economic policies • B) Population overview & General economic outlook • C) Technological ad vancements • D) Political stability 6. In the group presentations, what is the consequence if you answer the first basic question wrong during the oral examination? • A) Your grad e is red uced by 2 points. • B) You can retake the question. • C) Your whole grad e is rejected , and you must retake the exam in September. • D) You move to the next question with no penalty. 7. Which platform is NOT suggested as a source for finding academic articles on policy impact evaluation? • A) Google Scholar • B) JSTOR • C) ResearchGate • D) Wikiped ia 8. When analyzing articles, what is the first question you should address? • A) What are the main results and find ings? • B) What is the aim of the article – What question is it trying to answer? • C) What method ology is used ? • D) What are the limitations of the method ology? 9. Which criteria is NOT part of the "depth" evaluation in the Project Work? • A) Presence of the content • B) Significance of d ata • C) Level of stud ent engagement • D) Reference to theoretical mod els 10. What type of policy measures should be selected for the Project Work analysis? • A) Policies aimed at increasing tourism • B) Policies aimed at d evelopment, particularly those impacting poverty or HDI/MPI • C) Policies focused on environmental protection • D) Policies promoting cultural heritage Exercise 2 partial -CHATGPT.xlsx 14 th of May 1. According to Blattman and Miguel (2010), what is a major oversight in leading development economics textbooks? A) Lack of f ocus on microeconomic analysis. B) No mention of "war", "conf lict", or "violence". C) Insuf f icient discussion on poverty alleviation. D) Limited coverage on environmental sustainability. 2. What is one of the main determinants of civil conflicts according to Collier and Hoeffler (1998, 2004)? A) High levels of f oreign aid. B) Ethno -linguistic f ractionalization. C) Democratic governance. D) Educational attainment. 3. Which method did Miguel, Satyanath, and Sergenti (2004) use to study the causes of civil conflict in Africa? A) Randomized Control Trials (RCT). B) Propensity Score Matching. C) Instrumental Variable Approach. D) Dif f erence -in-Dif f erences. 4. What are the two contrasting effects of higher income on the probability of triggering a civil war as identified by Dube and Vargas (2009)? A) Investment ef f ect and Savings ef f ect. B) Opportunity ef f ect and Rapacity ef f ect. C) Consumption ef f ect and Production ef f ect. D) Trade ef f ect and Subsidy ef f ect. 5. According to Guidolin and La Ferrara (2007), what was the impact of Savimbi's death on diamond mining companies operating in Angola? A) Increased stock returns. B) No signif icant impact. C) Decreased stock returns. D) Mixed impact depending on the company. 6. What robustness check did Guidolin and La Ferrara (2007) use to reinforce the validity of their results? A) Comparison with f irms in other industries. B) Use of matched pairs of companies. C) Analysis of longer time periods. D) Including more control variables. 7. What was a major finding of Galiani et al. (2005) regarding the privatization of water services in Argentina? A) Child mortality increased. B) No signif icant change in child mortality. C) Child mortality f ell by approximately 8%. D) Water quality deteriorated. 8. Which methodological approach did Galiani et al. (2005) use to estimate the impact of water privatization on child mortality? A) Propensity Score Matching. B) Randomized Control Trials (RCT). C) Instrumental Variable Approach. D) Dif f erence -in-Dif f erences. 9. What were the two main conditions for rainfall variation to be a valid instrument in Miguel, Satyanath, and Sergenti's (2004) study? A) Relevance and Validity. B) Relevance and Exogeneity. C) Validity and Exogeneity. D) Validity and Correlation. 10. What did the "Opportunity effect" in Dube and Vargas (2009) imply about higher income and civil war? A) It increased incentives to join rebel groups. B) It decreased incentives to join rebel groups. C) It had no impact on civil war likelihood. D) It led to higher investment in military. 11. According to the findings of Guidolin and La Ferrara (2007), why was peace considered bad news for diamond companies in Angola? A) Increased transparency and competition. B) Decreased demand f or diamonds. C) Higher costs due to government control. D) Both A and C. 12. What was one of the limitations noted by Guidolin and La Ferrara (2007) regarding their study's external validity? A) Small sample size of companies. B) Lack of historical data. C) Overestimation of stock returns. D) Focus on non -conf lict regions. 13. Which of the following did Galiani et al. (2005) find to have the highest impact on reducing child mortality? A) Privatization in wealthier areas. B) Privatization in poorer municipalities. C) Maintaining public ownership. D) Increasing water prices. 14. In the study by Galiani et al. (2005), how was the counterfactual for the effect of privatization on child mortality determined? A) Using a control group f rom non -privatized municipalities. B) Conducting surveys in af f ected areas. C) Comparing privatized areas with national averages. D) Utilizing historical data trends. 15. What policy implication did Galiani et al. (2005) suggest based on their findings about water privatization and child mortality? A) Privatization should be halted. B) Privatization benef its wealthier populations more. C) Privatization can lead to signif icant welf are improvements f or the poor. D) Public water systems are more ef f ective. Exercise 2 partial -CHATGPT.xlsx Seminar MARSON 1. According to Rostow's stages of economic growth, which stage is characterized by an agricultural revolution with increased agricultural productivity and trade? A) The trad itional society B) The precond itions for take -off C) The take -off D) The d rive to maturity 2. What is a key feature of Lewis's dualistic structure theory? A) A mod ern sector characterized by high wages and low prod uctivity B) An ind ustrial sector with zero marginal labor prod uctivity C) A trad itional sector with zero marginal labor prod uctivity D) A mod ern sector that d oes not rely on labor from the trad itional sector 3. What does the Prebisch -Singer hypothesis suggest about the terms of trade for primary commodity exports? A) They will improve over time d ue to high d emand . B) They will remain stable over time. C) They will d ecline over time. D) They will fluctuate unpred ictably. 4. What policy implication arises from the Prebisch -Singer hypothesis? A) Increase reliance on primary exports. B) Diversify into manufactured exports. C) Focus on agricultural subsid ies. D) Red uce ind ustrialization efforts. 5. What is the target percentage of public expenditure for agriculture set by the Maputo and Malabo Declarations? A) 5% B) 7% C) 10% D) 12% 6. According to the document, what role do traders and commercial intermediaries play in subsistence farming? A) They are often unnecessary mid d lemen. B) They ensure market access for remote farmers und er d ifficult cond itions. C) They primarily exploit farmers. D) They hind er market access for farmers. 7. What is one of the unexpected facts about subsistence farming highlighted in the document? A) Subsistence farmers rarely sell their crops. B) Seasonal sales of prod uction are influenced by cash need s for school and health. C) Subsistence farmers have no relationship with the market. D) Subsistence farming always lead s to food security. 8. In the context of contract farming, what is a common issue faced by women according to Schneider and Gugerty (2010)? A) They often lead contract farming initiatives. B) They face obstacles in owning or renting land . C) They d ominate contract farming participation. D) They are primarily responsible for setting prices. 9. What does the term "outgrowing schemes" refer to in the document? A) Large -scale land acquisitions by foreign investors. B) Smallhold er farmers ind epend ently selling their prod ucts in urban markets. C) Farming contracts where prod ucts require centralized processing. D) Government subsid ies for small -scale farmers. 10. What conclusion is drawn about the impact of public agricultural expenditure (MM) on food security? A) It has no significant effect on hunger. B) It has a negative significant effect on hunger, suggesting an increase is beneficial. C) It positively affects hunger, ind icating a d ecrease is necessary. D) It only impacts hunger in high -income countries. 11. According to the document, what is one of the main criticisms about the indicator MM=PEA/PE=10%? • A) It d oes not accurately measure agricultural prod uctivity. • B) It fails to reflect the political priority given to the agricultural sector. • C) It is not aligned with GDPAG/GDP as suggested by De Ferranti et al. (2005). • D) It ignores the contributions of social protection and ed ucation to food security. 12. Which organization set the target for public expenditure on agriculture to reach 10% of total expenditure? • A) World Bank • B) United Nations • C) African Union • D) International Monetary Fund 13. What is the purpose of the Agriculture Orientation Index (AOI) mentioned in the document? • A) To measure agricultural prod uctivity. • B) To assess the allocation of public expend iture relative to agricultural GDP. • C) To evaluate food security outcomes. • D) To d etermine the effectiveness of agricultural subsid ies. 14. What does the empirical literature suggest about the impact of agricultural research expenditure on productivity and poverty? • A) It has a negative impact on prod uctivity . • B) It d oes not significantly affect poverty levels. • C) It positively impacts prod uctivity and red uces poverty. • D) It only affects high -income countries. 15. Which factor is used as an instrument to address endogeneity in the two -step IV strategy described in the document? • A) Inflation rates • B) Rainfall • C) Population growth • D) Agricultural exports 16. What is one of the unexpected facts about agribusiness mentioned in the document? • A) Land acquisitions are the only way to attract investment in the agrifood sector. • B) Trad ers are often unnecessary intermed iaries. • C) Outgrowing schemes can be an alternative to land acquisitions for attracting FDI. • D) Subsistence farming is always the most viable option for food insecure household s. 17. What was the finding of Dillon (2016) regarding the timing of crop sales in Malawi? • A) Poor household s d o not sell crops early. • B) Short -term expend iture need s lead poor household s to sell crops early, missing out on higher prices. (Le esigenze d i spesa a breve termine portano le famiglie povere a vend ere i raccolti in anticipo, perd end o così la possibilità d i ottenere prezzi più alti ). • C) There is no significant d ifference in crop sales timing d ue to school calend ar changes. • D) Wealthy household s are unaffected by the timing of crop sales. 18. In the context of contract farming, what is a common benefit for farmers mentioned in the document? • A) Exclusion from price setting d ecisions • B) Red uced price risk and provision of agricultural inputs by the company • C) Higher costs and lower profits • D) Limited access to market information 19. What does the term "intensive growth" refer to in the context of sustainable intensification? • A) Expand ing the land and absorbing more labor • B) Increasing prod uctivity through mechanization and improved inputs • C) Decreasing the amount of land used for agriculture • D) Relying solely on trad itional farming method s 20. According to the conclusions in the document, what is the overall effect of public agricultural expenditure (MM) on hunger? • A) Positive significant effect, increasing hunger • B) Negative significant effect, red ucing hunger • C) No significant effect on hunger • D) Only affects hunger in urban areas Exercise 2 partial -CHATGPT.xlsx Sintesi molto breve in italiano: Il d ocumento esamina le politiche governative per promuovere legami sostenibili tra multinazionali (MNEs) e economie ospitanti, concentrand osi su come le MNEs possono contribuire agli Obiettivi d i Sviluppo Sostenibile (SDGs) attraverso pratiche aziend ali r esponsabili e sostenibili. Le politiche trad izionali sono state integrate con misure per aumentare l'impatto sociale, ambientale e d i governance d egli investimenti stranieri d iretti (FDI). Sintesi più lunga in italiano: Sintesi del Paper Il d ocumento tratta d elle politiche governative rivolte alle imprese multinazionali (MNEs) per promuovere collegamenti sostenibili nei paesi ospitanti. Le politiche trad izionali d i investimento d iretto estero (FDI) si sono concentrate prevalentemente sulle d i mensioni economiche, come la d imensione d egli investimenti e l'occupazione. Tuttavia, negli ultimi tempi, i governi stanno ad ottand o misure per facilitare investimenti più sostenibili, integrand o consid erazioni sociali, ambientali e d i governance (ESG) nel le loro politiche. Linkages Sostenibili Un "linkage sostenibile" è d efinito come un collegamento interaziend ale che promuove non solo un impatto economico ma anche sociale e ambientale. Questi collegamenti avvengono attraverso transazioni, interazioni e relazioni continue tra MNEs e altre impres e locali, influenzand o d irettamente i partner locali. Sfide Politiche Una d elle principali sfid e per i policymaker è la complessità nel d efinire e promuovere i collegamenti sostenibili. Le politiche d evono non solo s upportare i collegamenti trad izionali, ma anche promuovere collegamenti sostenibili attraverso misure specifiche in settori legati agli Obiettivi d i Sviluppo Sostenibile (SDGs) e mirate a gruppi vulnerabili. Esempi di Politiche di Successo Irlanda: Il National Linkage Programme, lanciato nel 1985, mirava a massimizzare il numero d i componenti e servizi approvvigionati localmente d a parte d elle MNEs. Il programma ha avuto successo in vari settori, tra cui elettronica, ingegneria e prod otti d i consumo . Malesia: La Manufacturing ++ Strategy mirava a creare collegamenti e aggiornamenti tecnologici in settori ad alto potenziale d i crescita. Offriva agevolazioni fiscali alle PMI approvate e alle MNEs per avviare programmi d i sviluppo d ei fornitori . Brasile : Il programma "ScaleUp" mira ad attrarre aziend e tecnologiche straniere e facilitare partnership con investitori e PMI locali. Benefici dei Collegamenti Verticali I collegamenti verticali tra MNEs e imprese locali possono migliorare la prod uttività e la competitività d elle imprese locali. Questi collegamenti possono anche incentivare l'ad ozione d i pratiche aziend ali sostenibili e l'innovazione verd e. Ruolo delle Agenzie di Promozione degli Investimenti (IPAs) Le IPAs agiscono come ponti tra le MNEs e le PMI locali, facilitand o i collegamenti e le collaborazioni che possono portare benefici economici, sociali e ambientali. Sfide per i Paesi in Via di Sviluppo Una significativa sfid a per i paesi in via d i sviluppo è la limitata capacità d i negoziazione con le MNEs e le risorse tecnologiche limitate, che ostacolano la promozione d i collegamenti sostenibili. Strategia di Paesi Specifici Rwanda: La National Skills Development and Employment Promotion Strategy mira a supportare gruppi vulnerabili come d onne e giovani. Singapore: L'Enterprise Sustainability Programme forma le PMI in aree chiave d ella sostenibilità come la d ecarbonizzazione. Sud Africa: Il Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment Act incentiva joint ventures con significativi trasferimenti d i competenze a gruppi storicamente svantaggiati. Domand e chiuse a crocette ( con risposte corrette) -FARINELLI -PAPER 1. What has been the traditional focus of government FDI policies? A) Social impact B) Environmental sustainability C) Economic d imensions like investment size and employment D) Cultural integration 2. Which of the following is a key challenge for policymakers in promoting sustainable linkages? A) Lack of interest from multinational enterprises B) Complexity in d efining and promoting sustainable linkages C) High costs associated with sustainable practices D) Limited technological ad vancements 3. According to the document, what is a "sustainable linkage"? A) Inter -firm transactions promoting only economic impact B) Inter -firm transactions promoting social and environmental impact C) Government subsid ies for multinational enterprises D) Direct investments in infrastructure 4. Which policy example was provided to illustrate successful linkage promotion in Ireland? A) Green Energy Initiative B) National Linkage Programme C) SME Development Fund D) Rural Development Program 5. What was one of the objectives of Malaysia’s Manufacturing ++ Strategy? A) To red uce foreign d irect investment B) To create barriers for international trad e C) To upgrad e local SMEs and increase linkages with MNEs D) To limit technological ad vancements 6. What does the "ScaleUp" programme in Brazil aim to achieve? A) Decrease foreign investments B) Attract foreign tech companies and facilitate partnerships with local investors and SMEs C) Promote agricultural exports D) Support local artisanal businesses 7. Which sector is NOT mentioned as a priority for sustainable linkages in the document? A) Green hyd rogen B) Automotive manufacturing C) Climate action D) Life below water 8. What is one of the main benefits of vertical linkages mentioned in the document? A) Increased reliance on foreign imports B) Enhanced prod uctivity and competitiveness of local firms C) Red uction in local employment D) Greater technological gaps 9. What does the document suggest about MNEs’ impact on local firms? A) It is always positive B) It can be both positive and negative C) It is negligible D) It is primarily negative 10. What is the role of Investment Promotion Agencies (IPAs) according to the document? A) To red uce foreign d irect investment B) To act as brid ges between MNEs and local SMEs C) To enforce strict trad e barriers D) To promote cultural exchanges 11. Which country’s policy example involves a comprehensive strategy to prioritize green investment? A) Ireland B) Brazil C) Namibia D) Ind ia 12. What is a significant challenge for developing countries in promoting sustainable linkages? A) Excessive technological resources B) Limited bargaining power with MNEs B) Limitata capacità d i negoziazione con le MNEs (multinazionali) C) Overabund ance of skilled labor D) High levels of foreign investment 13. What is a primary focus of Rwanda's National Skills Development and Employment Promotion Strategy? A) Promoting foreign trad e B) Supporting vulnerable groups such as women and youth C) Limiting international cooperation D) Red ucing technological innovation 14. Which aspect is emphasized by Singapore’s Enterprise Sustainability Programme? A) Financial ind epend ence for SMEs B) Training SMEs in key sustainability areas like d ecarbonization C) Red ucing the number of multinational corporations D) Increasing local agricultural prod uction 15. How does South Africa’s Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment Act aim to support economic transformation? A) By promoting investment in white -owned enterprises B) By incentivizing joint ventures with substantial skills transfer to historically d isad vantaged groups C) By red ucing the number of SMEs D) By limiting foreign d irect investment 1 C 2 B 3 B 4 B 5 C 6 B 7 B 8 B 9 B 10 B 11 C 12 B 13 B 14 B 15 B Exercise 2 partial -CHATGPT.xlsx 1.How many SDGs are there? 8 17 169 193 2. The SDGs balance 3 d imensions of sustainable d evelopment. Which one is not explicity includ ed ? 3. Which of the following is not a sustainable d evelopment goal? 4. What are the estimated market opportunities for private sector int eh SDGs? 5. Goal 1 is the most important goal. True or false? ANSWERS Kahoot 2 1. The global value chain share of trad e is 2. What is the value capture of iPhone4 prod uction in China 3. Which of these activites falls outsid e the value chain of the company? 4. Tier 2 suppliers provid e their good s and services to: 5. Which of the actors below is the largest benefi ciary of the global value chain? ANSWERS